Repetition on subcarriers for noncoherent modulation

ABSTRACT

Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. A transmitting device may encode a set of bits to transmit to a receiving device based on a repetition factor. The transmitting device may map, based on the repetition factor, the set of encoded bits to a subset of subcarriers such as adjacent subcarriers of a set of subcarriers. The transmitting device may generate a signal including the set of encoded bits based on the mapping, and transmit the generated signal to the receiving device. The receiving device may receive a modulated signal from the transmitting device, and identify, based on a repetition factor, a subset of subcarriers including adjacent subcarriers of a set of subcarriers associated with the modulated signal. The receiving device may average the subset of subcarriers including the adjacent subcarriers, and demodulate the modulated signal in accordance with the averaged subset of subcarriers including the adjacent subcarriers.

CROSS REFERENCE

The present application for patent claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent application No. 63/016,280 by HORN et al., entitled“REPETITION ON SUBCARRIERS FOR NONCOHERENT MODULATION,” filed Apr. 27,2020, assigned to the assignee hereof, and expressly incorporated byreference herein.

FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY

The following relates generally to wireless communications and morespecifically to repetition on subcarriers for noncoherent modulation.

BACKGROUND

Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide varioustypes of communication content such as voice, video, packet data,messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be capable ofsupporting communication with multiple users by sharing the availablesystem resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power). Examples of suchmultiple-access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems such asLong Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems, orLTE-A Pro systems, and fifth generation (5G) systems which may bereferred to as New Radio (NR) systems. These systems may employtechnologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time divisionmultiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA),orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), or discreteFourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(DFT-S-OFDM). A wireless multiple-access communications system mayinclude one or more base stations or one or more network access nodes,each simultaneously supporting communication for multiple communicationdevices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE).

SUMMARY

Various aspects of the described techniques relate to configuring acommunication device to support repetition on subcarriers fornoncoherent modulation. The communication device may reduce impacts ofnoise related to various modulation schemes, such as differential phaseshift keying (DPSK) modulation by providing repetition on subcarriersfor noncoherent modulation. In some examples, the communication devicemay increase a signal to noise ratio (SNR) of a signal by providingrepetition of the signal on subcarriers. The communication device may,for example, be configured to map the signal according to a repetitionfactor R over multiple adjacent subcarriers. The communication devicemay be configured with a resource element mapper to apply the repetitionto subcarriers to increase signal margin (e.g., increasing the SNR) ofthe signal.

For example, the communication device may encode a set of bits accordingto the repetition factor, and may map the set of encoded bits to asubset of subcarriers, such as adjacent subcarriers. The communicationdevice may generate a signal that includes the set of encoded bits, andmay transmit the signal carrying the repeated subcarriers. Additionallyor alternatively, the communication device may be configured to receivea signal and identify a subset of adjacent subcarriers (e.g., thesubcarriers mapped according to the repetition factor R). Thecommunication device may average the signal over the adjacentsubcarriers, and may demodulate the averaged signal accordingly. Thedescribed techniques may, as a result, include features for improvementsto wireless communications and, in some examples, may promote enhancedefficiency for high reliability and low latency wireless communicationsin 5G systems, among other benefits.

A method for wireless communications at a transmitting device isdescribed. The method may include encoding a set of bits to transmit toa receiving device based at least in part on a repetition factor,mapping, based at least in part on the repetition factor, the set ofencoded bits to a subset of subcarriers comprising adjacent subcarriersof a set of subcarriers, generating a signal comprising the set ofencoded bits based at least in part on the mapping, and transmitting thegenerated signal to the receiving device.

An apparatus for wireless communications is described. The apparatus mayinclude a processor, memory coupled with the processor, and instructionsstored in the memory. The instructions may be executable by theprocessor to cause the apparatus to encode a set of bits to transmit toa receiving device based at least in part on a repetition factor, map,based at least in part on the repetition factor, the set of encoded bitsto a subset of subcarriers comprising adjacent subcarriers of a set ofsubcarriers, generate a signal comprising the set of encoded bits basedat least in part on the mapping, and transmit the generated signal tothe receiving device.

Another apparatus for wireless communications is described. Theapparatus may include means for encoding a set of bits to transmit to areceiving device based at least in part on a repetition factor, meansfor mapping, based at least in part on the repetition factor, the set ofencoded bits to a subset of subcarriers comprising adjacent subcarriersof a set of subcarriers, means for generating a signal comprising theset of encoded bits based at least in part on the mapping, and means fortransmitting the generated signal to the receiving device.

A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wirelesscommunications at a transmitting device is described. The code mayinclude instructions executable by a processor to encode a set of bitsto transmit to a receiving device based at least in part on a repetitionfactor, map, based at least in part on the repetition factor, the set ofencoded bits to a subset of subcarriers comprising adjacent subcarriersof a set of subcarriers, generate a signal comprising the set of encodedbits based at least in part on the mapping, and transmit the generatedsignal to the receiving device.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for identifying a set ofdata bits associated with the set of encoded bits, and recursivelymapping, based at least in part on the repetition factor, the set ofdata bits to the subset of subcarriers comprising the adjacentsubcarriers.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein for recursively mapping theset of data bits may further include operations, features, means, orinstructions for mapping a first subset of data bits associated with theset of data bits to a first subset of adjacent subcarriers, and mappinga second subset of data bits associated with the set of data bits to asecond subset of adjacent subcarriers based at least in part on therepetition factor.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for rate matching the setof encoded bits based at least in part on the repetition factor.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for mapping the subset ofsubcarriers comprising the adjacent subcarriers to a resource blockbased at least in part on the repetition factor, and generating thesignal based at least in part on mapping the subset of subcarriers tothe resource block.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein for encoding the set of bitsmay further include operations, features, means, or instructions forincreasing a rate of the encoding based at least in part on therepetition factor.

In some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein, the rate of the encodingcomprises a value less than one.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for identifying the set ofbits to transmit to the receiving device based at least in part on therepetition factor.

In some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein, a value of the repetitionfactor is based at least in part on a modulation and coding scheme (MCS)value, a constellation mapping configuration, a frequency allocationparameter, or a channel condition, or any combination thereof.

In some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein, the mapping comprises anon-coherent modulation mapping.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for transmitting a downlinkcontrol information (DCI) message comprising an indication of therepetition factor.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for identifying therepetition factor in a lookup table, wherein encoding the set of bits totransmit to the receiving device is based at least in part onidentifying the repetition factor in the lookup table.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for transmitting a radioresource control (RRC) connection establishment message comprising a setof parameters indicating the repetition factor per MCS.

A method for wireless communications at a receiving device is described.The method may include receiving a modulated signal from a transmittingdevice, identifying, based at least in part on a repetition factor, asubset of subcarriers comprising adjacent subcarriers of a set ofsubcarriers associated with the modulated signal, averaging the subsetof subcarriers comprising the adjacent subcarriers, and demodulating themodulated signal in accordance with the averaged subset of subcarrierscomprising the adjacent subcarriers.

An apparatus for wireless communications is described. The apparatus mayinclude a processor, memory coupled with the processor, and instructionsstored in the memory. The instructions may be executable by theprocessor to cause the apparatus to receive a modulated signal from atransmitting device, identify, based at least in part on a repetitionfactor, a subset of subcarriers comprising adjacent subcarriers of a setof subcarriers associated with the modulated signal, average the subsetof subcarriers comprising the adjacent subcarriers, and demodulate themodulated signal in accordance with the averaged subset of subcarrierscomprising the adjacent subcarriers.

Another apparatus for wireless communications is described. Theapparatus may include means for receiving a modulated signal from atransmitting device, means for identifying, based at least in part on arepetition factor, a subset of subcarriers comprising adjacentsubcarriers of a set of subcarriers associated with the modulatedsignal, means for averaging the subset of subcarriers comprising theadjacent subcarriers, and means for demodulating the modulated signal inaccordance with the averaged subset of subcarriers comprising theadjacent subcarriers.

A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wirelesscommunications at a receiving device is described. The code may includeinstructions executable by a processor to receive a modulated signalfrom a transmitting device, identify, based at least in part on arepetition factor, a subset of subcarriers comprising adjacentsubcarriers of a set of subcarriers associated with the modulatedsignal, average the subset of subcarriers comprising the adjacentsubcarriers, and demodulate the modulated signal in accordance with theaveraged subset of subcarriers comprising the adjacent subcarriers.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for averaging data samplesof the subset of subcarriers comprising the adjacent subcarriers,wherein demodulating the modulated signal is based at least in part onaveraging the data samples of the subset of subcarriers comprising theadjacent subcarriers.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein for averaging the data samplesof the subset of subcarriers may further include operations, features,means, or instructions for averaging the data samples of the subset ofsubcarriers comprising the adjacent subcarriers based at least in parton a coherent combination of the data samples.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein for demodulating the modulatedsignal may further include operations, features, means, or instructionsfor demapping the averaged subset of subcarriers comprising the adjacentsubcarriers based at least in part on the repetition factor.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for decoding the averagedsubset of subcarriers comprising the adjacent subcarriers to a set ofmodulated data bits based at least in part on the repetition factor.

In some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein, the subset of subcarrierscomprises repeated data based at least in part on the repetition factor.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for receiving a DCI messagecomprising an indication of the repetition factor.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for identifying therepetition factor in a lookup table.

Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitorycomputer-readable medium described herein may further includeoperations, features, means, or instructions for receiving an RRCconnection establishment message comprising a set of parametersindicating the repetition factor per MCS.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate examples of wireless communications systemsthat support repetition on subcarriers for noncoherent modulation inaccordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate examples of resource block configurationsthat support repetition on subcarriers for noncoherent modulation inaccordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate example of methods that support repetition onsubcarriers for noncoherent modulation in accordance with aspects of thepresent disclosure.

FIGS. 6 and 7 show block diagrams of devices that support repetition onsubcarriers for noncoherent modulation in accordance with aspects of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supportsrepetition on subcarriers for noncoherent modulation in accordance withaspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supportsrepetition on subcarriers for noncoherent modulation in accordance withaspects of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 10 through 16 show flowcharts illustrating methods that supportrepetition on subcarriers for noncoherent modulation in accordance withaspects of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Some wireless communications systems may include communication devices,such as user equipment (UEs) and base stations, for example, eNodeBs(eNBs), next-generation NodeBs or giga-NodeBs (either of which may bereferred to as a gNB) that may support multiple radio accesstechnologies. Examples of radio access technologies include 4G systemssuch as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems and fifth generation (5G)systems which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems. Thecommunication devices may support various modulation schemes, such asnoncoherent differential phase shift keying (DPSK) modulation, which maybe used to increase efficiency for wireless communications. For example,noncoherent DPSK modulation may be used for high reliability and lowlatency wireless communications, such as in ultra-reliable low latencycommunications (URLLC). The communication devices may be configured, aspart of the DPSK modulation, to multiply subcarriers with conjugateadjacent subcarriers in a time domain. Multiplying the subcarriers withconjugate adjacent subcarriers may, however, cause adverse impacts on asignal. For instance, multiplying subcarriers with conjugate adjacentsubcarriers during modulation may also multiply or amplify noiseassociated with the adjacent subcarriers. In some cases, such as lowsignal to noise ratios (SNR), the multiplied noise may negatively affectsignaling performance for the communication devices. To reduce theeffects of the amplified noise, the communication devices may increasean SNR of a signal.

The communication devices may be configured to increase an SNR and again of a signal by communicating the signal using a number ofrepetitions, which may be configured by a repetition factor R. Thecommunication devices may identify a number of information bits, andperform channel coding and rate matching on the information bitsaccording to the repetition factor. The communication devices may beconfigured to determine a repetition based on the repetition factor andmap, via a resource element mapper, the coded rate matched bits to oneor more subcarriers of a resource block according to the repetitionfactor. The communication devices generate a signal based on themapping, where the signal includes repeated subcarriers on the resourceblock. Additionally or alternatively, the communication devices may beconfigured to receive a signal and average information (e.g., datasamples) according to a repetition factor R. For example, thecommunication devices may be configured to average repeated bits (e.g.,data samples) received in the signal. The communication devices mayidentify adjacent subcarriers carrying repeated bits according to therepetition factor, and may average the value of the adjacent subcarriersbased on the repetition. The communication devices may demodulatesymbols and estimate bits according to the mapping.

Aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure may beimplemented to realize one or more of the following potentialimprovements, among others. The techniques employed by the communicationdevices may provide benefits and enhancements to the operation of thecommunication devices. For example, operations performed by thecommunication devices may provide improvements to wirelesscommunications. In some examples, configuring the communication devicesto provide repetition on subcarriers for noncoherent modulation maysupport improvements to power consumption, spectral efficiency, and, insome examples, may promote enhanced efficiency for wirelesscommunications operations, among other benefits.

Aspects of the disclosure are initially described in the context ofwireless communications systems. For example, aspects of the disclosureare described with respect to communications between transmitting andreceiving devices of the wireless communications system. Aspects of thedisclosure are further illustrated by and described with reference toapparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and flowcharts including processflow diagrams from both a transmitting device and receiving deviceperspective that relate to repetition on subcarriers for noncoherentmodulation.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system 100that supports repetition on subcarriers for noncoherent modulation inaccordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The wirelesscommunications system 100 may include one or more base stations 105, oneor more UEs 115, and a core network 130. In some examples, the wirelesscommunications system 100 may be an LTE network, an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A)network, an LTE-A Pro network, or a NR network. In some examples, thewireless communications system 100 may support enhanced broadbandcommunications, ultra-reliable (e.g., mission critical) communications,low latency communications, communications with low-cost andlow-complexity devices, or any combination thereof.

The base stations 105 may be dispersed throughout a geographic area toform the wireless communications system 100 and may be devices indifferent forms or having different capabilities. The base stations 105and the UEs 115 may wirelessly communicate via one or more communicationlinks 125. Each base station 105 may provide a coverage area 110 overwhich the UEs 115 and the base station 105 may establish one or morecommunication links 125. The coverage area 110 may be an example of ageographic area over which a base station 105 and a UE 115 may supportthe communication of signals according to one or more radio accesstechnologies.

The UEs 115 may be dispersed throughout a coverage area 110 of thewireless communications system 100, and each UE 115 may be stationary,or mobile, or both at different times. The UEs 115 may be devices indifferent forms or having different capabilities. Some example UEs 115are illustrated in FIG. 1. The UEs 115 described herein may be able tocommunicate with various types of devices, such as other UEs 115, thebase stations 105, or network equipment (e.g., core network nodes, relaydevices, integrated access and backhaul (IAB) nodes, or other networkequipment), as shown in FIG. 1.

The base stations 105 may communicate with the core network 130, or withone another, or both. For example, the base stations 105 may interfacewith the core network 130 through one or more backhaul links 120 (e.g.,via an S1, N2, N3, or other interface). The base stations 105 maycommunicate with one another over the backhaul links 120 (e.g., via anX2, Xn, or other interface) either directly (e.g., directly between basestations 105), or indirectly (e.g., via core network 130), or both. Insome examples, the backhaul links 120 may be or include one or morewireless links. One or more of the base stations 105 described hereinmay include or may be referred to by a person having ordinary skill inthe art as a base transceiver station, a radio base station, an accesspoint, a radio transceiver, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB), a next-generationNodeB or a giga-NodeB (either of which may be referred to as a gNB), aHome NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or other suitable terminology.

A UE 115 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, awireless device, a remote device, a handheld device, or a subscriberdevice, or some other suitable terminology, where the “device” may alsobe referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, amongother examples. A UE 115 may also include or may be referred to as apersonal electronic device such as a cellular phone, a personal digitalassistant (PDA), a tablet computer, a laptop computer, or a personalcomputer. In some examples, a UE 115 may include or be referred to as awireless local loop (WLL) station, an Internet of Things (IoT) device,an Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or a machine type communications(MTC) device, among other examples, which may be implemented in variousobjects such as appliances, or vehicles, meters, among other examples.The UEs 115 described herein may be able to communicate with varioustypes of devices, such as other UEs 115 that may sometimes act as relaysas well as the base stations 105 and the network equipment includingmacro eNBs or gNBs, small cell eNBs or gNBs, or relay base stations,among other examples, as shown in FIG. 1.

The UEs 115 and the base stations 105 may wirelessly communicate withone another via one or more communication links 125 over one or morecarriers. The term “carrier” may refer to a set of radio frequencyspectrum resources having a defined physical layer structure forsupporting the communication links 125. For example, a carrier used fora communication link 125 may include a portion of a radio frequencyspectrum band (e.g., a bandwidth part (BWP)) that is operated accordingto one or more physical layer channels for a given radio accesstechnology (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR). Each physical layerchannel may carry acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals,system information), control signaling that coordinates operation forthe carrier, user data, or other signaling. The wireless communicationssystem 100 may support communication with a UE 115 using carrieraggregation or multi-carrier operation. A UE 115 may be configured withmultiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink componentcarriers according to a carrier aggregation configuration. Carrieraggregation may be used with both frequency division duplexing (FDD) andtime division duplexing (TDD) component carriers.

In some examples (e.g., in a carrier aggregation configuration), acarrier may also have acquisition signaling or control signaling thatcoordinates operations for other carriers. A carrier may be associatedwith a frequency channel (e.g., an evolved universal mobiletelecommunication system terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) absoluteradio frequency channel number (EARFCN)) and may be positioned accordingto a channel raster for discovery by the UEs 115. A carrier may beoperated in a standalone mode where initial acquisition and connectionmay be conducted by the UEs 115 via the carrier, or the carrier may beoperated in a non-standalone mode where a connection is anchored using adifferent carrier (e.g., of the same or a different radio accesstechnology).

The communication links 125 shown in the wireless communications system100 may include uplink transmissions from a UE 115 to a base station105, or downlink transmissions from a base station 105 to a UE 115.Carriers may carry downlink or uplink communications (e.g., in an FDDmode) or may be configured to carry downlink and uplink communications(e.g., in a TDD mode).

A carrier may be associated with a particular bandwidth of the radiofrequency spectrum, and in some examples the carrier bandwidth may bereferred to as a “system bandwidth” of the carrier or the wirelesscommunications system 100. For example, the carrier bandwidth may be oneof a number of determined bandwidths for carriers of a particular radioaccess technology (e.g., 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, or 80 megahertz(MHz)). Devices of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., thebase stations 105, the UEs 115, or both) may have hardwareconfigurations that support communications over a particular carrierbandwidth or may be configurable to support communications over one of aset of carrier bandwidths. In some examples, the wireless communicationssystem 100 may include base stations 105 or UEs 115 that supportsimultaneous communications via carriers associated with multiplecarrier bandwidths. In some examples, each served UE 115 may beconfigured for operating over portions (e.g., a sub-band, a BWP) or allof a carrier bandwidth.

Signal waveforms transmitted over a carrier may be made up of multiplesubcarriers (e.g., using multi-carrier modulation (MCM) techniques suchas orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete Fouriertransform spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM)). In a system employing MCMtechniques, a resource element may consist of one symbol period (e.g., aduration of one modulation symbol) and one subcarrier, where the symbolperiod and subcarrier spacing are inversely related. The number of bitscarried by each resource element may depend on the modulation scheme(e.g., the order of the modulation scheme, the coding rate of themodulation scheme, or both). Thus, the more resource elements that a UE115 receives and the higher the order of the modulation scheme, thehigher the data rate may be for the UE 115. A wireless communicationsresource may refer to a combination of a radio frequency spectrumresource, a time resource, and a spatial resource (e.g., spatial layersor beams), and the use of multiple spatial layers may further increasethe data rate or data integrity for communications with a UE 115.

One or more numerologies for a carrier may be supported, where anumerology may include a subcarrier spacing (Δf) and a cyclic prefix. Acarrier may be divided into one or more BWPs having the same ordifferent numerologies. In some examples, a UE 115 may be configuredwith multiple BWPs. In some examples, a single BWP for a carrier may beactive at a given time and communications for the UE 115 may berestricted to one or more active BWPs. The time intervals for the basestations 105 or the UEs 115 may be expressed in multiples of a basictime unit which may, for example, refer to a sampling period ofT_(s)=1/(Δf_(max)·N_(f)) seconds, where Δf_(max) may represent themaximum supported subcarrier spacing, and N_(f) may represent themaximum supported discrete Fourier transform (DFT) size. Time intervalsof a communications resource may be organized according to radio frameseach having a specified duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms)). Eachradio frame may be identified by a system frame number (SFN) (e.g.,ranging from 0 to 1023).

Each frame may include multiple consecutively numbered subframes orslots, and each subframe or slot may have the same duration. In someexamples, a frame may be divided (e.g., in the time domain) intosubframes, and each subframe may be further divided into a number ofslots. Alternatively, each frame may include a variable number of slots,and the number of slots may depend on subcarrier spacing. Each slot mayinclude a number of symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of thecyclic prefix prepended to each symbol period). In some wirelesscommunications systems 100, a slot may further be divided into multiplemini-slots containing one or more symbols. Excluding the cyclic prefix,each symbol period may contain one or more (e.g., N_(f)) samplingperiods. The duration of a symbol period may depend on the subcarrierspacing or frequency band of operation.

A subframe, a slot, a mini-slot, or a symbol may be the smallestscheduling unit (e.g., in the time domain) of the wirelesscommunications system 100 and may be referred to as a transmission timeinterval (TTI). In some examples, the TTI duration (e.g., the number ofsymbol periods in a TTI) may be variable. Additionally or alternatively,the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communications system 100may be dynamically selected (e.g., in bursts of shortened TTIs (sTTIs)).

Physical channels may be multiplexed on a carrier according to varioustechniques. A physical control channel and a physical data channel maybe multiplexed on a downlink carrier, for example, using one or more oftime division multiplexing (TDM) techniques, frequency divisionmultiplexing (FDM) techniques, or hybrid TDM-FDM techniques. A controlregion (e.g., a control resource set (CORESET)) for a physical controlchannel may be defined by a number of symbol periods and may extendacross the system bandwidth or a subset of the system bandwidth of thecarrier. One or more control regions (e.g., CORESETs) may be configuredfor a set of the UEs 115. For example, one or more of the UEs 115 maymonitor or search control regions for control information according toone or more search space sets, and each search space set may include oneor multiple control channel candidates in one or more aggregation levelsarranged in a cascaded manner. An aggregation level for a controlchannel candidate may refer to a number of control channel resources(e.g., control channel elements (CCEs)) associated with encodedinformation for a control information format having a given payloadsize. Search space sets may include common search space sets configuredfor sending control information to multiple UEs 115 and UE-specificsearch space sets for sending control information to a specific UE 115.

Each base station 105 may provide communication coverage via one or morecells, for example a macro cell, a small cell, a hot spot, or othertypes of cells, or any combination thereof. The term “cell” may refer toa logical communication entity used for communication with a basestation 105 (e.g., over a carrier) and may be associated with anidentifier for distinguishing neighboring cells (e.g., a physical cellidentifier (PCID), a virtual cell identifier (VCID), or others). In someexamples, a cell may also refer to a geographic coverage area 110 or aportion of a geographic coverage area 110 (e.g., a sector) over whichthe logical communication entity operates. Such cells may range fromsmaller areas (e.g., a structure, a subset of structure) to larger areasdepending on various factors such as the capabilities of the basestation 105. For example, a cell may be or include a building, a subsetof a building, or exterior spaces between or overlapping with geographiccoverage areas 110, among other examples.

A macro cell covers a relatively large geographic area (e.g., severalkilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by the UEs 115with service subscriptions with the network provider supporting themacro cell. A small cell may be associated with a lower-powered basestation 105, as compared with a macro cell, and a small cell may operatein the same or different (e.g., licensed, unlicensed) frequency bands asmacro cells. Small cells may provide unrestricted access to the UEs 115with service subscriptions with the network provider or may providerestricted access to the UEs 115 having an association with the smallcell (e.g., the UEs 115 in a closed subscriber group (CSG), the UEs 115associated with users in a home or office). A base station 105 maysupport one or multiple cells and may also support communications overthe one or more cells using one or multiple component carriers.

In some examples, a base station 105 may be movable and thereforeprovide communication coverage for a moving geographic coverage area110. In some examples, different geographic coverage areas 110associated with different technologies may overlap, but the differentgeographic coverage areas 110 may be supported by the same base station105. In other examples, the overlapping geographic coverage areas 110associated with different technologies may be supported by differentbase stations 105. The wireless communications system 100 may include,for example, a heterogeneous network in which different types of thebase stations 105 provide coverage for various geographic coverage areas110 using the same or different radio access technologies.

The wireless communications system 100 may support synchronous orasynchronous operation. For synchronous operation, the base stations 105may have similar frame timings, and transmissions from different basestations 105 may be approximately aligned in time. For asynchronousoperation, the base stations 105 may have different frame timings, andtransmissions from different base stations 105 may, in some examples,not be aligned in time. The techniques described herein may be used foreither synchronous or asynchronous operations.

Some UEs 115, such as MTC or IoT devices, may be low cost or lowcomplexity devices and may provide for automated communication betweenmachines (e.g., via Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication). M2Mcommunication or MTC may refer to data communication technologies thatallow devices to communicate with one another or a base station 105without human intervention. In some examples, M2M communication or MTCmay include communications from devices that integrate sensors or metersto measure or capture information and relay such information to acentral server or application program that makes use of the informationor presents the information to humans interacting with the applicationprogram. Some UEs 115 may be designed to collect information or enableautomated behavior of machines or other devices. Examples ofapplications for MTC devices include smart metering, inventorymonitoring, water level monitoring, equipment monitoring, healthcaremonitoring, wildlife monitoring, weather and geological eventmonitoring, fleet management and tracking, remote security sensing,physical access control, and transaction-based business charging.

Some UEs 115 may be configured to employ operating modes that reducepower consumption, such as half-duplex communications (e.g., a mode thatsupports one-way communication via transmission or reception, but nottransmission and reception simultaneously). In some examples,half-duplex communications may be performed at a reduced peak rate.Other power conservation techniques for the UEs 115 include entering apower saving deep sleep mode when not engaging in active communications,operating over a limited bandwidth (e.g., according to narrowbandcommunications), or a combination of these techniques. For example, someUEs 115 may be configured for operation using a narrowband protocol typethat is associated with a defined portion or range (e.g., set ofsubcarriers or resource blocks) within a carrier, within a guard-band ofa carrier, or outside of a carrier.

The wireless communications system 100 may be configured to supportultra-reliable communications or low-latency communications, or variouscombinations thereof. For example, the wireless communications system100 may be configured to support URLLC or mission criticalcommunications. The UEs 115 may be designed to support ultra-reliable,low-latency, or critical functions (e.g., mission critical functions).Ultra-reliable communications may include private communication or groupcommunication and may be supported by one or more mission criticalservices such as mission critical push-to-talk (MCPTT), mission criticalvideo (MCVideo), or mission critical data (MCData). Support for missioncritical functions may include prioritization of services, and missioncritical services may be used for public safety or general commercialapplications. The terms ultra-reliable, low-latency, mission critical,and ultra-reliable low-latency may be used interchangeably herein.

In some examples, a UE 115 may also be able to communicate directly withother UEs 115 over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link 135(e.g., using a peer-to-peer (P2P) or D2D protocol). One or more UEs 115utilizing D2D communications may be within the geographic coverage area110 of a base station 105. Other UEs 115 in such a group may be outsidethe geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 105 or be otherwiseunable to receive transmissions from a base station 105. In someexamples, groups of the UEs 115 communicating via D2D communications mayutilize a one-to-many (1:M) system in which each UE 115 transmits toevery other UE 115 in the group. In some examples, a base station 105facilitates the scheduling of resources for D2D communications. In othercases, D2D communications are carried out between the UEs 115 withoutthe involvement of a base station 105.

The D2D communication link 135 may be an example of a communicationchannel, such as a sidelink communication channel, between vehicles(e.g., UEs 115). In some examples, vehicles may communicate usingvehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)communications, or some combination of these. A vehicle may signalinformation related to traffic conditions, signal scheduling, weather,safety, emergencies, or any other information relevant to a V2X system.In some examples, vehicles in a V2X system may communicate with roadsideinfrastructure, such as roadside units, or with the network via one ormore network nodes (e.g., base stations 105) using vehicle-to-network(V2N) communications, or with both.

The core network 130 may provide user authentication, accessauthorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and otheraccess, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 130 may be anevolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC), which may include at leastone control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., amobility management entity (MME), an access and mobility managementfunction (AMF)) and at least one user plane entity that routes packetsor interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW), aPacket Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW), or a user plane function(UPF)). The control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS)functions such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management forthe UEs 115 served by the base stations 105 associated with the corenetwork 130. User IP packets may be transferred through the user planeentity, which may provide IP address allocation as well as otherfunctions. The user plane entity may be connected to the networkoperators IP services 150. The operators IP services 150 may includeaccess to the Internet, Intranet(s), an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS),or a Packet-Switched Streaming Service.

Some of the network devices, such as a base station 105, may includesubcomponents such as an access network entity 140, which may be anexample of an access node controller (ANC). Each access network entity140 may communicate with the UEs 115 through one or more other accessnetwork transmission entities 145, which may be referred to as radioheads, smart radio heads, or transmission/reception points (TRPs). Eachaccess network transmission entity 145 may include one or more antennapanels. In some configurations, various functions of each access networkentity 140 or base station 105 may be distributed across various networkdevices (e.g., radio heads and ANCs) or consolidated into a singlenetwork device (e.g., a base station 105).

The wireless communications system 100 may operate using one or morefrequency bands, in the range of 300 megahertz (MHz) to 300 gigahertz(GHz). The region from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is known as the ultra-highfrequency (UHF) region or decimeter band because the wavelengths rangefrom approximately one decimeter to one meter in length. The UHF wavesmay be blocked or redirected by buildings and environmental features,but the waves may penetrate structures sufficiently for a macro cell toprovide service to the UEs 115 located indoors. The transmission of UHFwaves may be associated with smaller antennas and shorter ranges (e.g.,less than 100 kilometers) compared to transmission using the smallerfrequencies and longer waves of the high frequency (HF) or very highfrequency (VHF) portion of the spectrum below 300 MHz.

The wireless communications system 100 may also operate in a super highfrequency (SHF) region using frequency bands from 3 GHz to 30 GHz, alsoknown as the centimeter band, or in an extremely high frequency (EHF)region of the spectrum (e.g., from 30 GHz to 300 GHz), also known as themillimeter band. In some examples, the wireless communications system100 may support millimeter wave (mmW) communications between the UEs 115and the base stations 105, and EHF antennas of the respective devicesmay be smaller and more closely spaced than UHF antennas. In someexamples, this may facilitate use of antenna arrays within a device. Thepropagation of EHF transmissions, however, may be subject to evengreater atmospheric attenuation and shorter range than SHF or UHFtransmissions. The techniques disclosed herein may be employed acrosstransmissions that use one or more different frequency regions, anddesignated use of bands across these frequency regions may differ bycountry or regulating body.

The wireless communications system 100 may utilize both licensed andunlicensed radio frequency spectrum bands. For example, the wirelesscommunications system 100 may employ License Assisted Access (LAA),LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) radio access technology, or NR technology in anunlicensed band such as the 5 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical(ISM) band. When operating in unlicensed radio frequency spectrum bands,devices such as the base stations 105 and the UEs 115 may employ carriersensing for collision detection and avoidance. In some examples,operations in unlicensed bands may be based on a carrier aggregationconfiguration in conjunction with component carriers operating in alicensed band (e.g., LAA). Operations in unlicensed spectrum may includedownlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, P2P transmissions, or D2Dtransmissions, among other examples.

A base station 105 or a UE 115 may be equipped with multiple antennas,which may be used to employ techniques such as transmit diversity,receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications,or beamforming. The antennas of a base station 105 or a UE 115 may belocated within one or more antenna arrays or antenna panels, which maysupport MIMO operations or transmit or receive beamforming. For example,one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located atan antenna assembly, such as an antenna tower. In some examples,antennas or antenna arrays associated with a base station 105 may belocated in diverse geographic locations. A base station 105 may have anantenna array with a number of rows and columns of antenna ports thatthe base station 105 may use to support beamforming of communicationswith a UE 115. Likewise, a UE 115 may have one or more antenna arraysthat may support various MIMO or beamforming operations. Additionally oralternatively, an antenna panel may support radio frequency beamformingfor a signal transmitted via an antenna port.

The base stations 105 or the UEs 115 may use MIMO communications toexploit multipath signal propagation and increase the spectralefficiency by transmitting or receiving multiple signals via differentspatial layers. Such techniques may be referred to as spatialmultiplexing. The multiple signals may, for example, be transmitted bythe transmitting device via different antennas or different combinationsof antennas. Likewise, the multiple signals may be received by thereceiving device via different antennas or different combinations ofantennas. Each of the multiple signals may be referred to as a separatespatial stream and may carry bits associated with the same data stream(e.g., the same codeword) or different data streams (e.g., differentcodewords). Different spatial layers may be associated with differentantenna ports used for channel measurement and reporting. MIMOtechniques include single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO), where multiple spatiallayers are transmitted to the same receiving device, and multiple-userMIMO (MU-MIMO), where multiple spatial layers are transmitted tomultiple devices.

Beamforming, which may also be referred to as spatial filtering,directional transmission, or directional reception, is a signalprocessing technique that may be used at a transmitting device or areceiving device (e.g., a base station 105, a UE 115) to shape or steeran antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam, a receive beam) along a spatialpath between the transmitting device and the receiving device.Beamforming may be achieved by combining the signals communicated viaantenna elements of an antenna array such that some signals propagatingat particular orientations with respect to an antenna array experienceconstructive interference while others experience destructiveinterference. The adjustment of signals communicated via the antennaelements may include a transmitting device or a receiving deviceapplying amplitude offsets, phase offsets, or both to signals carriedvia the antenna elements associated with the device. The adjustmentsassociated with each of the antenna elements may be defined by abeamforming weight set associated with a particular orientation (e.g.,with respect to the antenna array of the transmitting device orreceiving device, or with respect to some other orientation).

A base station 105 or a UE 115 may use beam sweeping techniques as partof beam forming operations. For example, a base station 105 may usemultiple antennas or antenna arrays (e.g., antenna panels) to conductbeamforming operations for directional communications with a UE 115.Some signals (e.g., synchronization signals, reference signals, beamselection signals, or other control signals) may be transmitted by abase station 105 multiple times in different directions. For example,the base station 105 may transmit a signal according to differentbeamforming weight sets associated with different directions oftransmission. Transmissions in different beam directions may be used toidentify (e.g., by a transmitting device, such as a base station 105, orby a receiving device, such as a UE 115) a beam direction for latertransmission or reception by the base station 105.

Some signals, such as data signals associated with a particularreceiving device, may be transmitted by a base station 105 in a singlebeam direction (e.g., a direction associated with the receiving device,such as a UE 115). In some examples, the beam direction associated withtransmissions along a single beam direction may be determined based on asignal that was transmitted in one or more beam directions. For example,a UE 115 may receive one or more of the signals transmitted by the basestation 105 in different directions and may report to the base station105 an indication of the signal that the UE 115 received with a highestsignal quality or an otherwise acceptable signal quality.

In some examples, transmissions by a device (e.g., by a base station 105or a UE 115) may be performed using multiple beam directions, and thedevice may use a combination of digital precoding or radio frequencybeamforming to generate a combined beam for transmission (e.g., from abase station 105 to a UE 115). The UE 115 may report feedback thatindicates precoding weights for one or more beam directions, and thefeedback may correspond to a configured number of beams across a systembandwidth or one or more sub-bands. The base station 105 may transmit areference signal (e.g., a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), achannel state information reference signal (CSI-RS)), which may beprecoded or unprecoded. The UE 115 may provide feedback for beamselection, which may be a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) orcodebook-based feedback (e.g., a multi-panel type codebook, a linearcombination type codebook, a port selection type codebook). Althoughthese techniques are described with reference to signals transmitted inone or more directions by a base station 105, a UE 115 may employsimilar techniques for transmitting signals multiple times in differentdirections (e.g., for identifying a beam direction for subsequenttransmission or reception by the UE 115) or for transmitting a signal ina single direction (e.g., for transmitting data to a receiving device).

A receiving device (e.g., a UE 115) may try multiple receiveconfigurations (e.g., directional listening) when receiving varioussignals from the base station 105, such as synchronization signals,reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals. Forexample, a receiving device may try multiple receive directions byreceiving via different antenna subarrays, by processing receivedsignals according to different antenna subarrays, by receiving accordingto different receive beamforming weight sets (e.g., differentdirectional listening weight sets) applied to signals received atmultiple antenna elements of an antenna array, or by processing receivedsignals according to different receive beamforming weight sets appliedto signals received at multiple antenna elements of an antenna array,any of which may be referred to as “listening” according to differentreceive configurations or receive directions. In some examples, areceiving device may use a single receive configuration to receive alonga single beam direction (e.g., when receiving a data signal). The singlereceive configuration may be aligned in a beam direction determinedbased on listening according to different receive configurationdirections (e.g., a beam direction determined to have a highest signalstrength, highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), or otherwise acceptablesignal quality based on listening according to multiple beamdirections).

The wireless communications system 100 may be a packet-based networkthat operates according to a layered protocol stack. In the user plane,communications at the bearer or Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)layer may be IP-based. A Radio Link Control (RLC) layer may performpacket segmentation and reassembly to communicate over logical channels.A Medium Access Control (MAC) layer may perform priority handling andmultiplexing of logical channels into transport channels. The MAC layermay also use error detection techniques, error correction techniques, orboth to support retransmissions at the MAC layer to improve linkefficiency. In the control plane, the Radio Resource Control (RRC)protocol layer may provide establishment, configuration, and maintenanceof an RRC connection between a UE 115 and a base station 105 or a corenetwork 130 supporting radio bearers for user plane data. At thephysical layer, transport channels may be mapped to physical channels.

The UEs 115 and the base stations 105 may support retransmissions ofdata to increase the likelihood that data is received successfully.Hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) feedback is one technique forincreasing the likelihood that data is received correctly over acommunication link 125. HARQ may include a combination of errordetection (e.g., using a cyclic redundancy check (CRC)), forward errorcorrection (FEC), and retransmission (e.g., automatic repeat request(ARQ)). HARQ may improve throughput at the MAC layer in poor radioconditions (e.g., low signal-to-noise conditions). In some examples, adevice may support same-slot HARQ feedback, where the device may provideHARQ feedback in a specific slot for data received in a previous symbolin the slot. In other cases, the device may provide HARQ feedback in asubsequent slot, or according to some other time interval.

The wireless communications system 100 may support increasing an SNRassociated with downlink and uplink communications (also referred to asdownlink and uplink signals) by providing repetition of the downlink anduplink communications. In some examples, a base station 105 may bereferred to as a transmitting device, while a UE 115 may be referred toas a receiving device. In some other examples, a base station 105 may bereferred to as a receiving device, while a UE 115 may be referred to asa transmitting device. A base station 105 or a UE 115, or both, may mapinformation bits (e.g., control bits, data bits) associated with asignal based on a repetition factor R. The base station 105 or the UE115, or both, may be configured to use a resource element mapper to mapthe signal to one or more subcarriers associated with a resource gridincluding one or more resource blocks having multiple resource elements.

The base station 105 or the UE 115, or both, may be configured to use aresource element mapper to map the signal to one or more subcarriers inthe resource grid, according to a repetition factor to increase an SNRand a gain for the signal. Additionally or alternatively, the basestation 105 or the UE 115, or both, may be configured to averageinformation bits (e.g., control bits, data bits) received according tothe repetition factor R. For example, the base station 105 or the UE115, or both, may be configured to average repeated information bits(e.g., samples) received in a signal before demodulating the averagedsamples. The wireless communications system 100 may, as a result,include features for improvements to wireless communications between thebase stations 105 and the UEs 115 and, in some examples, may promoteenhanced efficiency for high reliability and low latency wirelesscommunications in 5G systems, among other benefits.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system 200that supports repetition on subcarriers for noncoherent modulation inaccordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The wirelesscommunications system 200 may implement or be implemented by aspects ofthe wireless communications system 100 or may implement aspects of thewireless communications systems 100. For example, the wirelesscommunications system 200 may include a base station 105-a and a UE115-a, which may be examples of a base station 105 and a UE 115described herein. The wireless communications system 200 may supportmultiple radio access technologies including 4G systems such as LTEsystems, LTE-A systems, or LTE-A Pro systems, and 5G systems, which maybe referred to as NR systems.

The wireless communications system 200 may support various modulationand demodulation schemes, such as noncoherent DPSK modulation. The basestation 105-a or the UE 115-a, or both, may use noncoherent DPSKmodulation to improve efficiency in the wireless communications system200. For example, noncoherent DPSK modulation may provide highreliability and low latency wireless communications, such as in PDCCHURLLC. In noncoherent DPSK modulation, the base station 105-a or the UE115-a, or both, may bypass coherent channel estimation and channelequalization, which may reduce latency for wireless communications inthe wireless communications system 200.

In the example of FIG. 2, the base station 105-a may be referred to as atransmitting device, while the UE 115-a may be referred to as areceiving device. In some examples, the base station 105-a may bereferred to as a receiving device, while the UE 115-a may be referred toas a transmitting device. The base station 105-a may select one or moresubcarriers for a signal 205 carrying information (e.g., control, data)to transmit to the UE 115-a. As part of DPSK demodulation, the basestation 105-a may combine information (e.g., data bits) of one or moreconjugate subcarriers that are adjacent in a time domain to the one ormore selected subcarriers for the signal 205. For example, the basestation 105-a may for each of the one or more selected subcarriers forthe signal 205 multiply information (e.g., data) of one or moretemporally adjacent conjugate subcarriers. In some examples, as part ofDPSK modulation, portions of the signal 205 may be used as a reference,and thereby eliminating demand for an additional reference signal. As aresult, the UE 115-a may use less resources for processing the signal205, and as a result experience power saving.

The base station 105-a may increase a reliability of the DPSK modulationby providing a repetition (e.g., symbol period repetition) for thesignal 205. The signal 205 may be defined by z_(k), given by amultiplication of subcarrier y_(k) with a conjugate of an adjacentsubcarrier y_(k−1)*:

x_(k) = x_(k − 1)s_(k),   k ≥ 0 x⁻¹ = 1z_(k) = y_(k)y_(k − 1)^(*) = (h_(k)x_(k) + v_(k))(h_(k − 1)x_(k − 1) + v_(k − 1))^(*) = (h_(k)s_(k)x_(k − 1) + v_(k))(h_(k − 1)x_(k − 1) + v_(k − 1))^(*) ≈ (h_(k)s_(k)x_(k − 1) + v_(k))(h_(k)x_(k − 1) + v_(k − 1))^(*) = h_(k)²x_(k − 1)²s_(k) + v_(k)h_(k)^(*)x_(k − 1)^(*) + v_(k − 1)^(*)h_(k)s_(k)x_(k − 1) + v_(k)v_(k − 1)^(*)

where x_(k) represents a modulated signal, s_(k) represents a datasymbol, h_(k) represents a channel, and v_(k) represents noise. Channelvalues for adjacent subcarriers may be approximately equal (e.g.,h_(k)≈h_(k−1)). In DPSK modulation, the data symbol s_(k) may bemultiplied by an adjacent subcarrier x_(R·k−1) (e.g., a temporallyadjacent subcarrier). In some examples, because the data is associatedwith a phase of s_(k), a simple demodulator may be given by:

{circumflex over (m)}=argmin_(m) {|

z _(k)−θ_(m)|²}

ŝ _(k) =e ^(jθ{circumflex over (m)})

Multiplying adjacent subcarriers during modulation may also multiply oramplify the noise v_(k) associated with the adjacent subcarriers (e.g.,v_(k)v_(k−1)*, squared noise), and thereby influencing processing of thesignal 205.

To reduce adverse effects of the amplified noise, the base station 105-amay be configured to increase an SNR or a gain, or both, of the signal205, for example, by transmitting the signal 205 using a number ofrepetitions configured by a repetition factor R. The base station 105-amay process information bits, such as channel coding and rate matchingthe information bits. The base station 105-a may map, via resourceelement mapper, the coded rate matched bits based on a repetition factorR. For example, the base station 105-a may map the coded rate matchedbits to one or more subcarriers of a resource block 210 based on therepetition factor. In some examples, the rate of rate matching theinformation bits may be scaled based on the repetition factor.

For example, for a repetition factor of R=2, the resource element mapperoutput may be given by:

x _(2k) =x _(2k−1) s _(2k),2k≥0

x _(2k+1) =x _(2k) s _(2k)

x ⁻¹=1

where s_(2k) represents the data symbol and x_(2k) represents themodulated signal associated with a given repetition factor. The datasymbol s_(k) is multiplied by an adjacent subcarrier x_(R·k−1) (e.g., atemporally adjacent subcarrier). In some cases, applying the repetitionmay scale the encoding rate by the repetition factor. Applying therepetition may also reduce the number of subcarriers used to transmitthe signal 205. In some examples, a size of the resource block 210 maynot change after repetition is applied but data may be repeated based onthe repetition factor and the mapping. The base station 105-a maytransmit a same number of bits to the UE 115-a, but in some cases therepetition may increase the coding rate. The base station 105-a may thusgenerate the signal (e.g., an orthogonal frequency division multiplexed(OFDM) signal) based on the repetition factor, where the signal 205includes repeated subcarriers on resource block 210.

The repetition factor R may be configured according to various factors.The repetition factor may be an integer value (e.g., in cases where acorresponding coding rate is smaller than 1). The repetition factor maybe predefined or configured according to various aspects in a lookuptable. In some examples, the repetition factor may be configuredaccording to a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) value (e.g., whereeach MCS may have associated repetition factors). In some other cases,the repetition factor may be configured according to a constellationused for mapping the data bits (e.g., BPK, QPSK, DPSK, etc.), or for agiven frequency allocation of the signal 205. In addition, therepetition factor may be configured according to certain channelconditions (e.g., a delay spread, a Doppler spread, a time offset, etc.)or other factors.

The base station 105-a may also be configured to convey repetitionfactor information to the UE 115-a in a control message, such as indownlink control information (DCI) message. Alternatively oradditionally, the UE 115-a may be configured with a lookup table, whichthe UE 115-a may use to identify a repetition factor. In some examples,the base station 105-a may be configured to transmit an RRC connectionestablishment message including a set of parameters indicating therepetition factor per MCS. The UE 115-a may receive the RRC connectionestablishment message including the set of parameters indicating therepetition factor per MCS. This may reduce the DCI overhead in the priceof less flexibility. That is, in some cases, the default configurationdesired repetition may be changed during time according to a delayspread or a Doppler spread. As such, the base station 105-a maytransmit, and the UE 115-a may receive, the DCI including the repetitionfactor. In some cases where the channel doesn't change rapidly the basestation 105-a may transmit a vector of repetition factors per MCS whichcan be changed by RRC or MCA-CE messages.

The UE 115-a may receive the signal 205 from the base station 105-a. Insome examples, the UE 115-a may be configured to average data receivedaccording to the repetition factor R. For example, the UE 115-a may beconfigured to average repeated samples received in the signal 205 fromthe base station 105-a. In some examples, the UE 115-a may identifyadjacent subcarriers containing repeated data according to therepetition factor, and may average the value of the adjacentsubcarriers. The UE 115-a may input the averaged values to ademodulator, which may demodulate the symbols and estimate thetransmitted data bits according to the mapping. The UE 115-a may alsoimplement various error checking schemes or may utilize iterativedecoding to increase the reliability of the received data.

The base station 105-a and the UE 115-a may, as a result, includefeatures for improvements to wireless communications between the basestation 105-a and the UE 115-a and, in some examples, may promoteenhanced efficiency for high reliability and low latency wirelesscommunications in 5G systems, among other benefits. Although aspects oftransmitting the signal 205 were described from the perspective of thebase station 105-a, the UE 115-a may be configured to perform same orsimilar operations (or configured with same or similar components) fortransmitting the signal 205. Likewise, although aspects of receiving thesignal 205 were described from the perspective of the UE 115-a, the basestation 105-a may be configured to perform same or similar operations(or configured with same or similar components) for receiving the signal205.

FIG. 3A illustrates an example of a resource block configuration 300-athat supports repetition on subcarriers for noncoherent modulation inaccordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The resource blockconfiguration 300-a may implement or be implemented by aspects of thewireless communications systems 100 and 200 or may implement aspects ofthe wireless communications systems 100 and 200 as described withreference to FIGS. 1 and 2, respectively. For example, the resourceblock configuration 300-a may be based on a configuration provided by abase station 105 and implemented by the base station 105 or a UE 115, orboth. The base station 105 or the UE 115, or both, may support wirelesscommunications using the resource block configuration 300-a. Forexample, the base station 105 or the UE 115, or both, map information(e.g., control, data) for wireless communications according to theresource block configuration 300-a.

In the example of FIG. 3A, the resource block configuration 300-a maycorrespond to a coherent modulation resource block mapped according to areference signal. The base station 105 or the UE 115, or both, may mapsubcarriers s₀₀, s₀₁, s₁₀, s₁₁, and s₃₀ to various locations 305, 310,and 315 of a resource block according to a coherent modulation. Eachantenna port (e.g., antenna port 1 and antenna port 2) may be associatedwith a unique cell-specific reference signal. The resource elements ofthe resource block may be arranged based on the cell-specific referencesignals and based on the antenna port arrangement. To mitigate impact ofamplified noise on a signal, the base station 105 or the UE 115, orboth, may provide repetition on subcarriers s₀, s₀₁, s₁₀, s₁₁, and s₃₀to various locations 305, 310, and 315 of a resource block fornoncoherent modulation.

FIG. 3B illustrates an example of a resource block configuration 300-bthat supports repetition on subcarriers for noncoherent modulation inaccordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The resource blockconfiguration 300-b may implement aspects of the wireless communicationssystems 100 and 200 or may implement or be implemented by aspects of thewireless communications systems 100 and 200 as described with referenceto FIGS. 1 and 2, respectively. For example, the resource blockconfiguration 300-b may be based on a configuration provided by a basestation 105 and implemented by the base station 105 or a UE 115, orboth. The base station 105 or the UE 115, or both, may support wirelesscommunications using the resource block configuration 300-b. Forexample, the base station 105 or the UE 115, or both, map information(e.g., control, data) for wireless communications according to theresource block configuration 300-b.

In the example of FIG. 3B, the resource block configuration 300-b maycorrespond to noncoherent modulation. The base station 105 or the UE115, or both, may map one or more subcarriers to resource elements in aresource block. For example, according to the resource blockconfiguration 300-b, a first location 305 (e.g., row in the resourceblock) may include known data (e.g., 1). A second location 310 mayinclude subcarriers s₁₀ and s₁₁ according to a mapping. A third location315 may include mapped data subcarriers, where adjacent subcarriers aremultiplied according to the mapping configuration (e.g., s₁₀*s₁₁ ands₁₁*s₂₁). A fourth location 320 may include additional mapped datasubcarriers, where adjacent subcarriers are multiplied according to themapping configuration (e.g., s₁₀*s₂₀*s₃₀ and s₁₁*s₂₁*s₃₁). In someexamples, the base station 105 or the UE 115, or both, may map data toresource elements in the resource block, and each operation may berepeated according to a repetition rate. For example, the base station105 or the UE 115, or both, may map data to the resource block accordingto a repetition factor of R=2, where each row is repeated twice.

For example, a first row may include known data (e.g., 1) and may berepeated according to a first repetition. A second row may include afirst mapped subcarrier and a second mapped subcarrier (s₁₀ and s₁₁) andmay be repeated according to a second repetition. A third row mayinclude two multiplied adjacent subcarriers and may be repeatedaccording to a third repetition (s₁₀*s₂₀). An addition repetition mayinclude further multiplication of adjacent subcarriers (s₁₀*s₂₀*s₃₀).Therefore, the base station 105 or the UE 115, or both, may beconfigured to use adjacent subcarriers in the resource block forwireless communications of signals, and the adjacent subcarriers may usea same communication channel. To mitigate impact of amplified noise on asignal, the base station 105 or the UE 115, or both, may providerepetition on subcarriers s₀₀, s₀₁, s₁₀, s₁₁, and s₃₀ of a resourceblock for noncoherent modulation.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a method 400 that supports repetitionon subcarriers for noncoherent modulation in accordance with aspects ofthe present disclosure. The method 400 may implement or be implementedby aspects of the wireless communications systems 100 and 200 or mayimplement aspects of the wireless communications systems 100 and 200 asdescribed with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, respectively. For example,the operations of the method 400 may be implemented by a transmittingdevice (e.g., a base station 105, a UE 115) or its components asdescribed herein. For example, the operations of the method 400 may beperformed by a communications manager as described with reference toFIGS. 6 through 9. In some examples, a transmitting device (e.g., a basestation 105, a UE 115) may execute a set of instructions to control thefunctional elements of the device to perform the functions describedbelow. Additionally or alternatively, a transmitting device (e.g., abase station 105, a UE 115) may perform aspects of the functionsdescribed below using special-purpose hardware.

A transmitting device may support increasing an SNR or a gain, or both,for signal repetition. The transmitting device may be configured with aresource element mapper, which may map information bits (e.g., databits) associated with one or more subcarriers to adjacent conjugatesubcarriers based on a repetition factor R. The resource element mappermay be implemented in hardware, code (e.g., software or firmware)executed by a processor, or any combination thereof. If implemented incode executed by a processor, the functions of the resource elementmapper may be executed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, aFPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistorlogic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designedto perform the functions described in the present disclosure.

The repetition factor may be predefined. The resource element mapper maymap the information bits (e.g., data bits) to one or more subcarriers ofa resource block to increase a signal gain. The transmitting device mayalso scale a rate of rate matching the information bits (e.g., databits) based on the repetition factor. For example, for R=2, thetransmitting device may use half of the original subcarriers to transmitthe information bits (e.g., data bits). In such examples, a size ofresource block might not change and a total number of information bits(e.g., data bits) may be the same, which may increase a rate accordingto the repetition factor used (e.g., the rate may be twice what it wasbefore the repetition).

At 405, the transmitting device may encode, at a channel codingcomponent, information bits c₀, c₁, . . . c_(N-1), where Nis a totalnumber of information bits. In some examples, the transmitting devicemay encode the information bits based on a repetition factor R togenerate encoded bits d₀, d₁, . . . , d_(3N-1). The channel codingcomponent may be implemented in hardware, code (e.g., software orfirmware) executed by a processor, or any combination thereof. Ifimplemented in code executed by a processor, the functions of thechannel coding component may be executed by a general-purpose processor,a DSP, an ASIC, a FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gateor transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combinationthereof designed to perform the functions described in the presentdisclosure.

At 410, the transmitting device may rate match, via a rate matchingcomponent, the encoded bits d₀, d₁, . . . , d_(3N-1). The rate matchingcomponent may be implemented in hardware, code (e.g., software orfirmware) executed by a processor, or any combination thereof. Ifimplemented in code executed by a processor, the functions of the ratematching component may be executed by a general-purpose processor, aDSP, an ASIC, a FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gateor transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combinationthereof designed to perform the functions described in the presentdisclosure. In some examples, the channel coding component may perform a1/3 rate encoding. For example, for every single information bit, thechannel coding component may generate three encoded bits. During ratematching, the bits are rate matched according to a coding rate E_(r),which may be scaled by the repetition factor R. For example, the codingrate for the input bits may be scaled by E_(r)/R−1. After rate matching,the bits may be denoted e₀, e₁, . . . e_(E) _(r) _(/R-1). The repetitionfactor may be applied to the rate matched bits, and the rate matchedbits (denoted f₀, f₁, . . . , f_(G-1), where G is the total number ofcoded bits) may be input to the resource element mapper at 415.

At 415, the transmitting device may, via the resource mapper, map thebits to subcarriers according to the repetition factor R. The resourcemapper may be implemented in hardware, code (e.g., software or firmware)executed by a processor, or any combination thereof. If implemented incode executed by a processor, the functions of the resource mapper maybe executed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a FPGA orother programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic,discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed toperform the functions described in the present disclosure. By way ofexample, for a repetition factor of R=2, the resource element mapper maymap two repetitions of the data onto subcarriers in a resource block425. For example, a first row may include known data (e.g., 1) and maybe repeated according to a first repetition. A second row may include afirst mapped subcarrier and a second mapped subcarrier (s₁₀ and s₁₁) andmay be repeated according to a second repetition. A third row mayinclude two multiplied adjacent subcarriers and may be repeatedaccording to a third repetition (s₁₀*s₂₀). An additional repetition mayinclude further multiplication of adjacent subcarriers (s₁₀*s₂₀*s₃₀).The subcarriers s₀, s₁, . . . ,

$s_{{{\frac{E_{r}}{R}/Q}AM} - 1}$

may be mapped to the resource block 425, as described herein. At 420,the transmitting device may generate an OFDM signal based on themapping, where the OFDM signal carries the data repeated according tothe repetition factor.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a method 500 that supports repetitionon subcarriers for noncoherent modulation in accordance with aspects ofthe present disclosure. The method 500 may implement or be implementedby aspects of the wireless communications systems 100 and 200 or mayimplement aspects of the wireless communications systems 100 and 200 asdescribed with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, respectively. For example,the operations of the method 500 may be implemented by a receivingdevice (e.g., a base station 105, a UE 115) or its components asdescribed herein. For example, the operations of the method 500 may beperformed by a communications manager as described with reference toFIGS. 6 through 9. In some examples, a receiving device (e.g., a basestation 105, a UE 115) may execute a set of instructions to control thefunctional elements of the device to perform the functions describedbelow. Additionally or alternatively, a receiving device (e.g., a basestation 105, a UE 115) may perform aspects of the functions describedbelow using special-purpose hardware.

A receiving device may be configured to average received data symbolsbased on a repetition factor R. For example, the receiving device mayreceive information 505 (e.g., input symbols) from a transmitting deviceaccording to the repetition factor. For example, the receiving devicemay receive a first repetition including samples y₁=h₁*1+n₁ andy₀=h₀*1+n₀, and may average, at 510, the samples to obtain an average ŷ₀according to the repetition factor. The receiving device may furtherreceive a second repetition including samples y₃=h₃*s₀+n₃ andy₂=h₂*s₀+n₃, and may average the samples to obtain an average ŷ₁according to the repetition factor. The receiving device may averagesamples according to the repetition factor (e.g., if the repetitionfactor is R=n, the receiving device may determine the average of the nreceived samples).

At 515, the receiving device may, via a demodulator, demodulate thesymbols

${\hat{y}}_{1},{\hat{y}}_{2},\ldots\mspace{14mu},\overset{¨}{{\hat{y}}_{{\frac{E_{r}}{R}/{QAM}} - 1}}$

(identified by the averaging) into a subset including data subcarriers

${\hat{s}}_{0},{\hat{s}}_{1},\ldots\mspace{14mu},{\hat{s}}_{{\frac{E_{r}}{R}/{QAM}} - 1}$

In some cases, the demodulator may multiply adjacent subcarriers and mayoutput an estimation of the signal. The demodulator may be implementedin hardware, code (e.g., software or firmware) executed by a processor,or any combination thereof. If implemented in code executed by aprocessor, the functions of the demodulator may be executed by ageneral-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a FPGA or other programmablelogic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardwarecomponents, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functionsdescribed in the present disclosure.

At 520, the receiving device may, via a decoder, decode the demodulateddata subcarriers, which may estimate the received data bits at 525. Thedecoder may be implemented in hardware, code (e.g., software orfirmware) executed by a processor, or any combination thereof. Ifimplemented in code executed by a processor, the functions of thedecoder may be executed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC,a FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistorlogic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designedto perform the functions described in the present disclosure. In somecases, the receiving device may implement an iterative decoding processbased on an error checking process, for example a cyclic redundancycheck procedure.

FIG. 6 shows a block diagram 600 of a device 605 that supportsrepetition on subcarriers for noncoherent modulation in accordance withaspects of the present disclosure. The device 605 may be an example ofaspects of a device as described herein. The device 605 may include areceiver 610, a communications manager 615, and a transmitter 620. Thedevice 605 may also include a processor. Each of these components may bein communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

The receiver 610 may receive information such as packets, user data, orcontrol information associated with various information channels (e.g.,control channels, data channels, and information related to repetitionon subcarriers for noncoherent modulation, etc.). Information may bepassed on to other components of the device 605. The receiver 610 may bean example of aspects of the transceiver 920 described with reference toFIG. 9. The receiver 610 may utilize a single antenna or a set ofantennas.

The communications manager 615 may encode a set of bits to transmit to areceiving device based on a repetition factor. The communicationsmanager 615 may map, based on the repetition factor, the set of encodedbits to a subset of subcarriers including adjacent subcarriers of a setof subcarriers. The communications manager 615 may generate a signalincluding the set of encoded bits based on the mapping, and transmit thegenerated signal to the receiving device.

The communications manager 615 may receive a modulated signal from atransmitting device. The communications manager 615 may identify, basedon a repetition factor, a subset of subcarriers including adjacentsubcarriers of a set of subcarriers associated with the modulatedsignal. The communications manager 615 may average the subset ofsubcarriers including the adjacent subcarriers. The communicationsmanager 615 may demodulate the modulated signal in accordance with theaveraged subset of subcarriers including the adjacent subcarriers. Thecommunications manager 615 may be an example of aspects of thecommunications manager 910 described herein.

The communications manager 615, or its sub-components, may beimplemented in hardware, code (e.g., software or firmware) executed by aprocessor, or any combination thereof. If implemented in code executedby a processor, the functions of the communications manager 615, or itssub-components may be executed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, anapplication-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a FPGA or otherprogrammable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discretehardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform thefunctions described in the present disclosure.

The communications manager 615, or its sub-components, may be physicallylocated at various positions, including being distributed such thatportions of functions are implemented at different physical locations byone or more physical components. In some examples, the communicationsmanager 615, or its sub-components, may be a separate and distinctcomponent in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.In some examples, the communications manager 615, or its sub-components,may be combined with one or more other hardware components, includingbut not limited to an input/output (I/O) component, a transceiver, anetwork server, another computing device, one or more other componentsdescribed in the present disclosure, or a combination thereof inaccordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

The transmitter 620 may transmit signals generated by other componentsof the device 605. In some examples, the transmitter 620 may becollocated with a receiver 610 in a transceiver component. For example,the transmitter 620 may be an example of aspects of the transceiver 920described with reference to FIG. 9. The transmitter 620 may utilize asingle antenna or a set of antennas.

The communications manager 615 may be implemented as an integratedcircuit or chipset for a mobile device modem, and the receiver 610 andthe transmitter 620 may be implemented as analog components (e.g.,amplifiers, filters, antennas, etc.) coupled with the mobile devicemodem to enable wireless transmission and reception. The communicationsmanager 615 as described herein may be implemented to realize one ormore potential advantages. Various implementations may enableimplementing increased SNR by signal repetition. At least oneimplementation may enable the communications manager 615 to effectivelyimplement repetition to a number of mapped subcarriers of a transmittedsignal, and include a number of silent subcarriers to maintain a totalenergy of the transmitted signal. At least one implementation may enablethe communications manager 615 to map repeated data to a resource blockto increase signal gain. Based on implementing the signal repetitiontechniques as described herein, one or more processors of the device 605(e.g., processor(s) controlling or incorporated with one or more of thereceiver 610, the communications manager 615, and the transmitter 620)may increase the SNR and gain of the transmitted signal.

FIG. 7 shows a block diagram 700 of a device 705 that supportsrepetition on subcarriers for noncoherent modulation in accordance withaspects of the present disclosure. The device 705 may be an example ofaspects of a device 605 or a device 115 as described herein. The device705 may include a receiver 710, a communications manager 715, and atransmitter 745. The device 705 may also include a processor. Each ofthese components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via oneor more buses).

The receiver 710 may receive information such as packets, user data, orcontrol information associated with various information channels (e.g.,control channels, data channels, and information related to repetitionon subcarriers for noncoherent modulation, etc.). Information may bepassed on to other components of the device 705. The receiver 710 may bean example of aspects of the transceiver 920 described with reference toFIG. 9. The receiver 710 may utilize a single antenna or a set ofantennas.

The communications manager 715 may be an example of aspects of thecommunications manager 615 as described herein. The communicationsmanager 715 may include an encoder component 720, a mapper component725, a signal component 730, a carrier component 735, and a demodulationcomponent 740. The communications manager 715 may be an example ofaspects of the communications manager 910 described herein.

The encoder component 720 may encode a set of bits to transmit to areceiving device based on a repetition factor. The mapper component 725may map, based on the repetition factor, the set of encoded bits to asubset of subcarriers including adjacent subcarriers of a set ofsubcarriers. The signal component 730 may generate a signal includingthe set of encoded bits based on the mapping and transmit the generatedsignal to the receiving device.

The signal component 730 may receive a modulated signal from atransmitting device. The carrier component 735 may identify, based on arepetition factor, a subset of subcarriers including adjacentsubcarriers of a set of subcarriers associated with the modulated signaland average the subset of subcarriers including the adjacentsubcarriers. The demodulation component 740 may demodulate the modulatedsignal in accordance with the averaged subset of subcarriers includingthe adjacent subcarriers.

The transmitter 745 may transmit signals generated by other componentsof the device 705. In some examples, the transmitter 745 may becollocated with a receiver 710 in a transceiver component. For example,the transmitter 745 may be an example of aspects of the transceiver 920described with reference to FIG. 9. The transmitter 745 may utilize asingle antenna or a set of antennas.

FIG. 8 shows a block diagram 800 of a communications manager 805 thatsupports repetition on subcarriers for noncoherent modulation inaccordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The communicationsmanager 805 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager615, a communications manager 715, or a communications manager 910described herein. The communications manager 805 may include an encodercomponent 810, a mapper component 815, a signal component 820, a ratecomponent 825, a bit component 830, a control component 835, a databasecomponent 840, a carrier component 845, a demodulation component 850, ademapper component 855, and a decoder component 860. Each of thesecomponents may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another(e.g., via one or more buses).

The encoder component 810 may encode a set of bits to transmit to areceiving device based on a repetition factor. In some cases, a value ofthe repetition factor is based on an MCS value, a constellation mappingconfiguration, a frequency allocation parameter, or a channel condition,or any combination thereof. The mapper component 815 may map, based onthe repetition factor, the set of encoded bits to a subset ofsubcarriers including adjacent subcarriers of a set of subcarriers. Insome examples, the mapper component 815 may identify a set of data bitsassociated with the set of encoded bits. In some examples, the mappercomponent 815 may recursively map, based on the repetition factor, theset of data bits to the subset of subcarriers including the adjacentsubcarriers. The encoder component 810 may transmit an RRC connectionestablishment message including a set of parameters indicating therepetition factor per MCS.

In some examples, the mapper component 815 may map a first subset ofdata bits associated with the set of data bits to a first subset ofadjacent subcarriers. In some examples, the mapper component 815 may mapa second subset of data bits associated with the set of data bits to asecond subset of adjacent subcarriers based on the repetition factor. Insome examples, the mapper component 815 may map the subset ofsubcarriers including the adjacent subcarriers to a resource block basedon the repetition factor. In some examples, the mapper component 815 maygenerate the signal based on mapping the subset of subcarriers to theresource block. In some cases, the mapping includes a non-coherentmodulation mapping.

The signal component 820 may generate a signal including the set ofencoded bits based on the mapping. In some examples, the signalcomponent 820 may transmit the generated signal to the receiving device.In some examples, the signal component 820 may receive a modulatedsignal from a transmitting device. The carrier component 845 mayidentify, based on a repetition factor, a subset of subcarriersincluding adjacent subcarriers of a set of subcarriers associated withthe modulated signal. In some examples, the carrier component 845 mayaverage the subset of subcarriers including the adjacent subcarriers. Insome examples, the carrier component 845 may average data samples of thesubset of subcarriers including the adjacent subcarriers, wheredemodulating the modulated signal is based on averaging the data samplesof the subset of subcarriers including the adjacent subcarriers. In someexamples, the carrier component 845 may average the data samples of thesubset of subcarriers including the adjacent subcarriers based on acoherent combination of the data samples. In some cases, the subset ofsubcarriers includes repeated data based on the repetition factor.

The demodulation component 850 may demodulate the modulated signal inaccordance with the averaged subset of subcarriers including theadjacent subcarriers. The rate component 825 may rate matching the setof encoded bits based on the repetition factor. In some examples, therate component 825 may increase a rate of the encoding based on therepetition factor. In some cases, the rate of the encoding includes avalue less than one. The bit component 830 may identify the set of bitsto transmit to the receiving device based on the repetition factor. Thecontrol component 835 may transmit a DCI message including an indicationof the repetition factor. In some examples, the control component 835may receive a DCI message including an indication of the repetitionfactor.

The database component 840 may identify the repetition factor in alookup table, where encoding the set of bits to transmit to thereceiving device is based on identifying the repetition factor in thelookup table. In some examples, the database component 840 may identifythe repetition factor in a lookup table. The demapper component 855 maydemap the averaged subset of subcarriers including the adjacentsubcarriers based on the repetition factor. The decoder component 860may decode the averaged subset of subcarriers including the adjacentsubcarriers to a set of modulated data bits based on the repetitionfactor. The decoder component 860 may receive an RRC connectionestablishment message including a set of parameters indicating therepetition factor per MCS

FIG. 9 shows a diagram of a system 900 including a device 905 thatsupports repetition on subcarriers for noncoherent modulation inaccordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device 905 may bean example of or include the components of device 605, device 705, or adevice as described herein. The device 905 may include components forbi-directional voice and data communications including components fortransmitting and receiving communications, including a communicationsmanager 910, an I/O controller 915, a transceiver 920, an antenna 925,memory 930, a processor 940, and a coding manager 950. These componentsmay be in electronic communication via one or more buses (e.g., bus945).

The communications manager 910 may encode a set of bits to transmit to areceiving device based on a repetition factor. The communicationsmanager 910 may map, based on the repetition factor, the set of encodedbits to a subset of subcarriers including adjacent subcarriers of a setof subcarriers. The communications manager 910 may generate a signalincluding the set of encoded bits based on the mapping, and transmit thegenerated signal to the receiving device. Additionally or alternatively,the communications manager 910 may receive a modulated signal from atransmitting device. The communications manager 910 may identify, basedon a repetition factor, a subset of subcarriers including adjacentsubcarriers of a set of subcarriers associated with the modulatedsignal. The communications manager 910 may average the subset ofsubcarriers including the adjacent subcarriers, and demodulate themodulated signal in accordance with the averaged subset of subcarriersincluding the adjacent subcarriers. By including or configuring thecommunications manager 910 in accordance with examples as describedherein, the device 905 may support techniques for improved communicationreliability and reduced latency, among other benefits. For example, thedevice 905 may perform wireless communications with increasedreliability based on using a repetition on subcarriers for noncoherentmodulation.

The I/O controller 915 may manage input and output signals for thedevice 905. The I/O controller 915 may also manage peripherals notintegrated into the device 905. In some cases, the I/O controller 915may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral.In some cases, the I/O controller 915 may utilize an operating systemsuch as iOS®, ANDROID®, MS-DOS®, MS-WINDOWS®, OS/2®, UNIX®, LINUX®, oranother known operating system. In other cases, the I/O controller 915may represent or interact with a modem, a keyboard, a mouse, atouchscreen, or a similar device. In some cases, the I/O controller 915may be implemented as part of a processor. In some cases, a user mayinteract with the device 905 via the I/O controller 915 or via hardwarecomponents controlled by the I/O controller 915.

The transceiver 920 may communicate bi-directionally, via one or moreantennas, wired, or wireless links as described above. For example, thetransceiver 920 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicatebi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 920may also include a modem to modulate the packets and provide themodulated packets to the antennas for transmission, and to demodulatepackets received from the antennas. In some cases, the device 905 mayinclude a single antenna 925. However, in some cases the device 905 mayhave more than one antenna 925, which may be capable of concurrentlytransmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions.

The memory 930 may include RAM and ROM. The memory 930 may storecomputer-readable, computer-executable code 935 including instructionsthat, when executed, cause the processor to perform various functionsdescribed herein. In some cases, the memory 930 may contain, among otherthings, a BIOS which may control basic hardware or software operationsuch as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.

The code 935 may include instructions to implement aspects of thepresent disclosure, including instructions to support wirelesscommunications. The code 935 may be stored in a non-transitorycomputer-readable medium such as system memory or other type of memory.In some cases, the code 935 may not be directly executable by theprocessor 940 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled andexecuted) to perform functions described herein.

The processor 940 may include an intelligent hardware device, (e.g., ageneral-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, anFPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logiccomponent, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof).In some cases, the processor 940 may be configured to operate a memoryarray using a memory controller. In other cases, a memory controller maybe integrated into the processor 940. The processor 940 may beconfigured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory(e.g., the memory 930) to cause the device 905 to perform variousfunctions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting repetition on subcarriersfor noncoherent modulation).

FIG. 10 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1000 that supportsrepetition on subcarriers for noncoherent modulation in accordance withaspects of the present disclosure. The operations of method 1000 may beimplemented by a transmitting device (e.g., a base station 105, a UE115) or its components as described herein. For example, the operationsof method 1000 may be performed by a communications manager as describedwith reference to FIGS. 6 through 9. In some examples, a transmittingdevice (e.g., a base station 105, a UE 115) may execute a set ofinstructions to control the functional elements of the device to performthe functions described below. Additionally or alternatively, atransmitting device (e.g., a base station 105, a UE 115) may performaspects of the functions described below using special-purpose hardware.

At 1005, a transmitting device may encode a set of bits to transmit to areceiving device based on a repetition factor. The operations of 1005may be performed according to the methods described herein. In someexamples, aspects of the operations of 1005 may be performed by anencoder component as described with reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

At 1010, the transmitting device may map, based on the repetitionfactor, the set of encoded bits to a subset of subcarriers includingadjacent subcarriers of a set of subcarriers. The operations of 1010 maybe performed according to the methods described herein. In someexamples, aspects of the operations of 1010 may be performed by a mappercomponent as described with reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

At 1015, the transmitting device may generate a signal including the setof encoded bits based on the mapping. The operations of 1015 may beperformed according to the methods described herein. In some examples,aspects of the operations of 1015 may be performed by a signal componentas described with reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

At 1020, the transmitting device may transmit the generated signal tothe receiving device. The operations of 1020 may be performed accordingto the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of theoperations of 1020 may be performed by a signal component as describedwith reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

FIG. 11 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1100 that supportsrepetition on subcarriers for noncoherent modulation in accordance withaspects of the present disclosure. The operations of method 1100 may beimplemented by a transmitting device (e.g., a base station 105, a UE115) or its components as described herein. For example, the operationsof method 1100 may be performed by a communications manager as describedwith reference to FIGS. 6 through 9. In some examples, a transmittingdevice (e.g., a base station 105, a UE 115) may execute a set ofinstructions to control the functional elements of the device to performthe functions described below. Additionally or alternatively, atransmitting device (e.g., a base station 105, a UE 115) may performaspects of the functions described below using special-purpose hardware.

At 1105, a transmitting device may encode a set of bits to transmit to areceiving device based on a repetition factor. The operations of 1105may be performed according to the methods described herein. In someexamples, aspects of the operations of 1105 may be performed by anencoder component as described with reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

At 1110, the transmitting device may identify a set of data bitsassociated with the set of encoded bits. The operations of 1110 may beperformed according to the methods described herein. In some examples,aspects of the operations of 1110 may be performed by a mapper componentas described with reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

At 1115, the transmitting device may recursively map, based on therepetition factor, the set of encoded bits to a subset of subcarriersincluding the adjacent subcarriers. The operations of 1115 may beperformed according to the methods described herein. In some examples,aspects of the operations of 1115 may be performed by a mapper componentas described with reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

At 1120, the transmitting device may generate a signal including the setof encoded bits based on the mapping. The operations of 1120 may beperformed according to the methods described herein. In some examples,aspects of the operations of 1120 may be performed by a signal componentas described with reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

At 1125, the transmitting device may transmit the generated signal tothe receiving device. The operations of 1125 may be performed accordingto the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of theoperations of 1125 may be performed by a signal component as describedwith reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

FIG. 12 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1200 that supportsrepetition on subcarriers for noncoherent modulation in accordance withaspects of the present disclosure. The operations of method 1200 may beimplemented by a transmitting device (e.g., a base station 105, a UE115) or its components as described herein. For example, the operationsof method 1200 may be performed by a communications manager as describedwith reference to FIGS. 6 through 9. In some examples, a transmittingdevice (e.g., a base station 105, a UE 115) may execute a set ofinstructions to control the functional elements of the device to performthe functions described below. Additionally or alternatively, atransmitting device (e.g., a base station 105, a UE 115) may performaspects of the functions described below using special-purpose hardware.

At 1205, a transmitting device may encode a set of bits to transmit to areceiving device based on a repetition factor. The operations of 1205may be performed according to the methods described herein. In someexamples, aspects of the operations of 1205 may be performed by anencoder component as described with reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

At 1210, the transmitting device may rate match the set of encoded bitsbased on the repetition factor. The operations of 1210 may be performedaccording to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects ofthe operations of 1210 may be performed by a rate component as describedwith reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

At 1215, the transmitting device may map, based on the repetitionfactor, the set of encoded bits to a subset of subcarriers includingadjacent subcarriers of a set of subcarriers. The operations of 1215 maybe performed according to the methods described herein. In someexamples, aspects of the operations of 1215 may be performed by a mappercomponent as described with reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

At 1220, the transmitting device may generate a signal including the setof encoded bits based on the mapping. The operations of 1220 may beperformed according to the methods described herein. In some examples,aspects of the operations of 1220 may be performed by a signal componentas described with reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

At 1225, the transmitting device may transmit the generated signal tothe receiving device. The operations of 1225 may be performed accordingto the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of theoperations of 1225 may be performed by a signal component as describedwith reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

FIG. 13 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1300 that supportsrepetition on subcarriers for noncoherent modulation in accordance withaspects of the present disclosure. The operations of method 1300 may beimplemented by a receiving device (e.g., a base station 105, a UE 115)or its components as described herein. For example, the operations ofmethod 1300 may be performed by a communications manager as describedwith reference to FIGS. 6 through 9. In some examples, a receivingdevice (e.g., a base station 105, a UE 115) may execute a set ofinstructions to control the functional elements of the device to performthe functions described below. Additionally or alternatively, areceiving device (e.g., a base station 105, a UE 115) may performaspects of the functions described below using special-purpose hardware.

At 1305, a receiving device may receive a modulated signal from atransmitting device. The operations of 1305 may be performed accordingto the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of theoperations of 1305 may be performed by a signal component as describedwith reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

At 1310, the receiving device may identify, based on a repetitionfactor, a subset of subcarriers including adjacent subcarriers of a setof subcarriers associated with the modulated signal. The operations of1310 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In someexamples, aspects of the operations of 1310 may be performed by acarrier component as described with reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

At 1315, the receiving device may average the subset of subcarriersincluding the adjacent subcarriers. The operations of 1315 may beperformed according to the methods described herein. In some examples,aspects of the operations of 1315 may be performed by a carriercomponent as described with reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

At 1320, the receiving device may demodulate the modulated signal inaccordance with the averaged subset of subcarriers including theadjacent subcarriers. The operations of 1320 may be performed accordingto the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of theoperations of 1320 may be performed by a demodulation component asdescribed with reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

FIG. 14 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1400 that supportsrepetition on subcarriers for noncoherent modulation in accordance withaspects of the present disclosure. The operations of method 1400 may beimplemented by a receiving device (e.g., a base station 105, a UE 115)or its components as described herein. For example, the operations ofmethod 1400 may be performed by a communications manager as describedwith reference to FIGS. 6 through 9. In some examples, a receivingdevice (e.g., a base station 105, a UE 115) may execute a set ofinstructions to control the functional elements of the device to performthe functions described below. Additionally or alternatively, areceiving device (e.g., a base station 105, a UE 115) may performaspects of the functions described below using special-purpose hardware.

At 1405, a receiving device may receive a modulated signal from atransmitting device. The operations of 1405 may be performed accordingto the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of theoperations of 1405 may be performed by a signal component as describedwith reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

At 1410, the receiving device may identify, based on a repetitionfactor, a subset of subcarriers including adjacent subcarriers of a setof subcarriers associated with the modulated signal. The operations of1410 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In someexamples, aspects of the operations of 1410 may be performed by acarrier component as described with reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

At 1415, the receiving device may average the subset of subcarriersincluding the adjacent subcarriers. The operations of 1415 may beperformed according to the methods described herein. In some examples,aspects of the operations of 1415 may be performed by a carriercomponent as described with reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

At 1420, the receiving device may demodulate the modulated signal inaccordance with the averaged subset of subcarriers including theadjacent subcarriers. The operations of 1420 may be performed accordingto the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of theoperations of 1420 may be performed by a demodulation component asdescribed with reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

At 1425, the receiving device may average data samples of the subset ofsubcarriers including the adjacent subcarriers, where demodulating themodulated signal is based on averaging the data samples of the subset ofsubcarriers including the adjacent subcarriers. The operations of 1425may be performed according to the methods described herein. In someexamples, aspects of the operations of 1425 may be performed by acarrier component as described with reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

FIG. 15 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1500 that supportsrepetition on subcarriers for noncoherent modulation in accordance withaspects of the present disclosure. The operations of method 1500 may beimplemented by a receiving device (e.g., a base station 105, a UE 115)or its components as described herein. For example, the operations ofmethod 1500 may be performed by a communications manager as describedwith reference to FIGS. 6 through 9. In some examples, a receivingdevice (e.g., a base station 105, a UE 115) may execute a set ofinstructions to control the functional elements of the device to performthe functions described below. Additionally or alternatively, areceiving device (e.g., a base station 105, a UE 115) may performaspects of the functions described below using special-purpose hardware.

At 1505, a receiving device may receive a modulated signal from atransmitting device. The operations of 1505 may be performed accordingto the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of theoperations of 1505 may be performed by a signal component as describedwith reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

At 1510, the receiving device may identify, based on a repetitionfactor, a subset of subcarriers including adjacent subcarriers of a setof subcarriers associated with the modulated signal. The operations of1510 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In someexamples, aspects of the operations of 1510 may be performed by acarrier component as described with reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

At 1515, the receiving device may average the subset of subcarriersincluding the adjacent subcarriers. The operations of 1515 may beperformed according to the methods described herein. In some examples,aspects of the operations of 1515 may be performed by a carriercomponent as described with reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

At 1520, the receiving device may demodulate the modulated signal inaccordance with the averaged subset of subcarriers including theadjacent subcarriers. The operations of 1520 may be performed accordingto the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of theoperations of 1520 may be performed by a demodulation component asdescribed with reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

At 1525, the receiving device may demap the averaged subset ofsubcarriers including the adjacent subcarriers based on the repetitionfactor. The operations of 1525 may be performed according to the methodsdescribed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1525may be performed by a demapper component as described with reference toFIGS. 6 through 9.

FIG. 16 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1600 that supportsrepetition on subcarriers for noncoherent modulation in accordance withaspects of the present disclosure. The operations of method 1600 may beimplemented by a receiving device (e.g., a base station 105, a UE 115)or its components as described herein. For example, the operations ofmethod 1600 may be performed by a communications manager as describedwith reference to FIGS. 6 through 9. In some examples, a receivingdevice (e.g., a base station 105, a UE 115) may execute a set ofinstructions to control the functional elements of the device to performthe functions described below. Additionally or alternatively, areceiving device (e.g., a base station 105, a UE 115) may performaspects of the functions described below using special-purpose hardware.

At 1605, a receiving device may receive a modulated signal from atransmitting device. The operations of 1605 may be performed accordingto the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of theoperations of 1605 may be performed by a signal component as describedwith reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

At 1610, the receiving device may identify, based on a repetitionfactor, a subset of subcarriers including adjacent subcarriers of a setof subcarriers associated with the modulated signal. The operations of1610 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In someexamples, aspects of the operations of 1610 may be performed by acarrier component as described with reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

At 1615, the receiving device may average the subset of subcarriersincluding the adjacent subcarriers. The operations of 1615 may beperformed according to the methods described herein. In some examples,aspects of the operations of 1615 may be performed by a carriercomponent as described with reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

At 1620, the receiving device may demodulate the modulated signal inaccordance with the averaged subset of subcarriers including theadjacent subcarriers. The operations of 1620 may be performed accordingto the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of theoperations of 1620 may be performed by a demodulation component asdescribed with reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

At 1625, the receiving device may decode the averaged subset ofsubcarriers including the adjacent subcarriers to a set of modulateddata bits based on the repetition factor. The operations of 1625 may beperformed according to the methods described herein. In some examples,aspects of the operations of 1625 may be performed by a decodercomponent as described with reference to FIGS. 6 through 9.

It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possibleimplementations, and that the operations and the steps may be rearrangedor otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible.Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.

The following provides an overview of aspects of the present disclosure:

Aspect 1: A method for wireless communications at a transmitting device,comprising: encoding a set of bits to transmit to a receiving devicebased at least in part on a repetition factor; mapping, based at leastin part on the repetition factor, the set of encoded bits to a subset ofsubcarriers comprising adjacent subcarriers of a set of subcarriers;generating a signal comprising the set of encoded bits based at least inpart on the mapping; and transmitting the generated signal to thereceiving device.

Aspect 2: The method of aspect 1, further comprising: identifying a setof data bits associated with the set of encoded bits; and recursivelymapping, based at least in part on the repetition factor, the set ofdata bits to the subset of subcarriers comprising the adjacentsubcarriers

Aspect 3: The method of aspect 2, wherein recursively mapping the set ofdata bits comprises: mapping a first subset of data bits associated withthe set of data bits to a first subset of adjacent subcarriers; andmapping a second subset of data bits associated with the set of databits to a second subset of adjacent subcarriers based at least in parton the repetition factor.

Aspect 4: The method of any of aspects 1 through 3, further comprising:rate matching the set of encoded bits based at least in part on therepetition factor.

Aspect 5: The method of any of aspects 1 through 4, further comprising:mapping the subset of subcarriers comprising the adjacent subcarriers toa resource block based at least in part on the repetition factor; andgenerating the signal based at least in part on mapping the subset ofsubcarriers to the resource block.

Aspect 6: The method of any of aspects 1 through 5, wherein encoding theset of bits further comprises: increasing a rate of the encoding basedat least in part on the repetition factor.

Aspect 7: The method of any of aspects 1 through 6, wherein the rate ofthe encoding comprises a value less than one.

Aspect 8: The method of any of aspects 1 through 7, wherein identifyingthe set of bits comprises: identifying the set of bits to transmit tothe receiving device based at least in part on the repetition factor.

Aspect 9: The method of any of aspects 1 through 8, wherein a value ofthe repetition factor is based at least in part on an MCS value, aconstellation mapping configuration, a frequency allocation parameter,or a channel condition, or any combination thereof.

Aspect 10: The method of any of aspects 1 through 9, wherein the mappingcomprises a non-coherent modulation mapping.

Aspect 11: The method of any of aspects 1 through 10, furthercomprising:

transmitting a DCI message comprising an indication of the repetitionfactor.

Aspect 12: The method of any of aspects 1 through 11, furthercomprising: identifying the repetition factor in a lookup table, whereinencoding the set of bits to transmit to the receiving device is based atleast in part on identifying the repetition factor in the lookup table.

Aspect 13: The method of any of aspects 1 through 12, furthercomprising: transmitting an RRC connection establishment messagecomprising a set of parameters indicating the repetition factor per MCS.

Aspect 14: A method for wireless communications at a receiving device,comprising: receiving a modulated signal from a transmitting device;identifying, based at least in part on a repetition factor, a subset ofsubcarriers comprising adjacent subcarriers of a set of subcarriersassociated with the modulated signal; averaging the subset ofsubcarriers comprising the adjacent subcarriers; and demodulating themodulated signal in accordance with the averaged subset of subcarrierscomprising the adjacent subcarriers.

Aspect 15: The method of aspect 14, further comprising: averaging datasamples of the subset of subcarriers comprising the adjacentsubcarriers, wherein demodulating the modulated signal is based at leastin part on averaging the data samples of the subset of subcarrierscomprising the adjacent subcarriers.

Aspect 16: The method of aspect 15, wherein averaging the data samplesof the subset of subcarriers comprises: averaging the data samples ofthe subset of subcarriers comprising the adjacent subcarriers based atleast in part on a coherent combination of the data samples.

Aspect 17: The method of any of aspects 14 through 16, whereindemodulating the modulated signal comprises: demapping the averagedsubset of subcarriers comprising the adjacent subcarriers based at leastin part on the repetition factor.

Aspect 18: The method of any of aspects 14 through 17, furthercomprising: decoding the averaged subset of subcarriers comprising theadjacent subcarriers to a set of modulated data bits based at least inpart on the repetition factor.

Aspect 19: The method of any of aspects 14 through 18, wherein thesubset of subcarriers comprises repeated data based at least in part onthe repetition factor.

Aspect 20: The method of any of aspects 14 through 19, furthercomprising: receiving a DCI message comprising an indication of therepetition factor.

Aspect 21: The method of any of aspects 14 through 20, furthercomprising: identifying the repetition factor in a lookup table.

Aspect 22: The method of any of aspects 14 through 21, furthercomprising: receiving an RRC connection establishment message comprisinga set of parameters indicating the repetition factor per MCS.

Aspect 23: An apparatus for wireless communications, comprising aprocessor; memory coupled with the processor; and instructions stored inthe memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus toperform a method of any of aspects 1 through 12.

Aspect 24: An apparatus for wireless communications, comprising at leastone means for performing a method of any of aspects 1 through 12.

Aspect 25: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code forwireless communications at a transmitting device, the code comprisinginstructions executable by a processor to perform a method of any ofaspects 1 through 12.

Aspect 26: An apparatus for wireless communications, comprising aprocessor; memory coupled with the processor; and instructions stored inthe memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus toperform a method of any of aspects 14 through 21.

Aspect 27: An apparatus for wireless communications, comprising at leastone means for performing a method of any of aspects 14 through 21.

Aspect 28: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code forwireless communications at a receiving device, the code comprisinginstructions executable by a processor to perform a method of any ofaspects 14 through 21.

Although aspects of an LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR system may bedescribed for purposes of example, and LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NRterminology may be used in much of the description, the techniquesdescribed herein are applicable beyond LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NRnetworks. For example, the described techniques may be applicable tovarious other wireless communications systems such as Ultra MobileBroadband (UMB), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, aswell as other systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentionedherein.

Information and signals described herein may be represented using any ofa variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data,instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chipsthat may be referenced throughout the description may be represented byvoltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles,optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

The various illustrative blocks and components described in connectionwith the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with ageneral-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, an FPGA or otherprogrammable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discretehardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform thefunctions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be amicroprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be anyprocessor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processormay also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., acombination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, oneor more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any othersuch configuration).

The functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, softwareexecuted by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. Ifimplemented in software executed by a processor, the functions may bestored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on acomputer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are withinthe scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to thenature of software, functions described herein may be implemented usingsoftware executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, orcombinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may alsobe physically located at various positions, including being distributedsuch that portions of functions are implemented at different physicallocations.

Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storagemedia and communication media including any medium that facilitatestransfer of a computer program from one place to another. Anon-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may beaccessed by a general-purpose or special purpose computer. By way ofexample, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable media mayinclude random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), electricallyerasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROMor other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magneticstorage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used tocarry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions ordata structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose orspecial-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purposeprocessor. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readablemedium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website,server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable,twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologiessuch as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiberoptic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such asinfrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition ofcomputer-readable medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include CD,laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk andBlu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, whilediscs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the aboveare also included within the scope of computer-readable media.

As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items(e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or“one or more of”) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, alist of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BCor ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Also, as used herein, the phrase “basedon” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions.For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A”may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departingfrom the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as usedherein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner asthe phrase “based at least in part on.”

In the appended figures, similar components or features may have thesame reference label. Further, various components of the same type maybe distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a secondlabel that distinguishes among the similar components. If just the firstreference label is used in the specification, the description isapplicable to any one of the similar components having the same firstreference label irrespective of the second reference label, or othersubsequent reference label.

The description set forth herein, in connection with the appendeddrawings, describes example configurations and does not represent allthe examples that may be implemented or that are within the scope of theclaims. The term “example” used herein means “serving as an example,instance, or illustration,” and not “preferred” or “advantageous overother examples.” The detailed description includes specific details forthe purpose of providing an understanding of the described techniques.These techniques, however, may be practiced without these specificdetails. In some instances, known structures and devices are shown inblock diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of thedescribed examples.

The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinaryskill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications tothe disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in theart, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to othervariations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, thedisclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein,but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principlesand novel features disclosed herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for wireless communications at atransmitting device, comprising: encoding a set of bits to transmit to areceiving device based at least in part on a repetition factor; mapping,based at least in part on the repetition factor, the set of encoded bitsto a subset of subcarriers comprising adjacent subcarriers of a set ofsubcarriers; generating a signal comprising the set of encoded bitsbased at least in part on the mapping; and transmitting the generatedsignal to the receiving device.
 2. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: identifying a set of data bits associated with the set ofencoded bits; and recursively mapping, based at least in part on therepetition factor, the set of data bits to the subset of subcarrierscomprising the adjacent subcarriers.
 3. The method of claim 2, whereinrecursively mapping the set of data bits comprises: mapping a firstsubset of data bits associated with the set of data bits to a firstsubset of adjacent subcarriers; and mapping a second subset of data bitsassociated with the set of data bits to a second subset of adjacentsubcarriers based at least in part on the repetition factor.
 4. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: rate matching the set of encodedbits based at least in part on the repetition factor.
 5. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising: mapping the subset of subcarrierscomprising the adjacent subcarriers to a resource block based at leastin part on the repetition factor; and generating the signal based atleast in part on mapping the subset of subcarriers to the resourceblock.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein encoding the set of bitsfurther comprises: increasing a rate of the encoding based at least inpart on the repetition factor.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein therate of the encoding comprises a value less than one.
 8. The method ofclaim 1, wherein identifying the set of bits comprises: identifying theset of bits to transmit to the receiving device based at least in parton the repetition factor.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein a value ofthe repetition factor is based at least in part on a modulation andcoding scheme value, a constellation mapping configuration, a frequencyallocation parameter, or a channel condition, or any combinationthereof.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the mapping comprises anon-coherent modulation mapping.
 11. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: transmitting a downlink control information messagecomprising an indication of the repetition factor.
 12. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising: identifying the repetition factor in alookup table, wherein encoding the set of bits to transmit to thereceiving device is based at least in part on identifying the repetitionfactor in the lookup table.
 13. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: transmitting a radio resource control connectionestablishment message comprising a set of parameters indicating therepetition factor per modulation and coding scheme.
 14. A method forwireless communications at a receiving device, comprising: receiving amodulated signal from a transmitting device; identifying, based at leastin part on a repetition factor, a subset of subcarriers comprisingadjacent subcarriers of a set of subcarriers associated with themodulated signal; averaging the subset of subcarriers comprising theadjacent subcarriers; and demodulating the modulated signal inaccordance with the averaged subset of subcarriers comprising theadjacent subcarriers.
 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising:averaging data samples of the subset of subcarriers comprising theadjacent subcarriers, wherein demodulating the modulated signal is basedat least in part on averaging the data samples of the subset ofsubcarriers comprising the adjacent subcarriers.
 16. The method of claim15, wherein averaging the data samples of the subset of subcarrierscomprises: averaging the data samples of the subset of subcarrierscomprising the adjacent subcarriers based at least in part on a coherentcombination of the data samples.
 17. The method of claim 14, whereindemodulating the modulated signal comprises: demapping the averagedsubset of subcarriers comprising the adjacent subcarriers based at leastin part on the repetition factor.
 18. The method of claim 14, furthercomprising: decoding the averaged subset of subcarriers comprising theadjacent subcarriers to a set of modulated data bits based at least inpart on the repetition factor.
 19. The method of claim 14, wherein thesubset of subcarriers comprises repeated data based at least in part onthe repetition factor.
 20. The method of claim 14, further comprising:receiving a downlink control information message comprising anindication of the repetition factor.
 21. The method of claim 14, furthercomprising: identifying the repetition factor in a lookup table.
 22. Themethod of claim 14, further comprising: receiving a radio resourcecontrol connection establishment message comprising a set of parametersindicating the repetition factor per modulation and coding scheme. 23.An apparatus for wireless communications, comprising: a processor,memory coupled with the processor; and instructions stored in the memoryand executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: encode a setof bits to transmit to a receiving device based at least in part on arepetition factor; map, based at least in part on the repetition factor,the set of encoded bits to a subset of subcarriers comprising adjacentsubcarriers of a set of subcarriers; generate a signal comprising theset of encoded bits based at least in part on the mapping; and transmitthe generated signal to the receiving device.
 24. The apparatus of claim23, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor tocause the apparatus to: identify a set of data bits associated with theset of encoded bits; and recursively map, based at least in part on therepetition factor, the set of data bits to the subset of subcarrierscomprising the adjacent subcarriers.
 25. The apparatus of claim 24,wherein the instructions to recursively map the set of data bits areexecutable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: map a firstsubset of data bits associated with the set of data bits to a firstsubset of adjacent subcarriers; and map a second subset of data bitsassociated with the set of data bits to a second subset of adjacentsubcarriers based at least in part on the repetition factor.
 26. Theapparatus of claim 23, wherein the instructions are further executableby the processor to cause the apparatus to: rate match the set ofencoded bits based at least in part on the repetition factor.
 27. Theapparatus of claim 23, wherein the instructions are further executableby the processor to cause the apparatus to: map the subset ofsubcarriers comprising the adjacent subcarriers to a resource blockbased at least in part on the repetition factor; and generate the signalbased at least in part on mapping the subset of subcarriers to theresource block.
 28. An apparatus for wireless communications,comprising: a processor, memory coupled with the processor; andinstructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor tocause the apparatus to: receive a modulated signal from a transmittingdevice; identify, based at least in part on a repetition factor, asubset of subcarriers comprising adjacent subcarriers of a set ofsubcarriers associated with the modulated signal; average the subset ofsubcarriers comprising the adjacent subcarriers; and demodulate themodulated signal in accordance with the averaged subset of subcarrierscomprising the adjacent subcarriers.
 29. The apparatus of claim 26,wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor tocause the apparatus to: average data samples of the subset ofsubcarriers comprising the adjacent subcarriers, wherein theinstructions to demodulate the modulated signal are further executableby the processor based at least in part on averaging the data samples ofthe subset of subcarriers comprising the adjacent subcarriers.
 30. Theapparatus of claim 27, wherein the instructions to average the datasamples of the subset of subcarriers are executable by the processor tocause the apparatus to: average the data samples of the subset ofsubcarriers comprising the adjacent subcarriers based at least in parton a coherent combination of the data samples.